New England

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{| class="infobox" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="width: 300px; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 95%;"|-|+ style="font-size: larger;" | New England|-|-|-| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #fff;" | |-! colspan=2 | Political history|-| Chartering as Plymouth Council for New England]| 1643|-| Formation as Dominion of New England]
- Connecticut
- Maine

- Massachusetts
- New Hampshire
- Rhode Island
- Vermont|
- January 9, 1788 (5th)
- separated from Mass. March 15, 1820 (23rd)
- February 6, 1788 (6th)
- June 21, 1788 (9th)
- May 29, 1790 (13th)
- March 4, 1791 (14th)]|-|U.S. States], New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
- Total|
71,991.8 mi² (186,458.8 km²)|- style="vertical-align: bottom;"| [Population
- Total (2006)
- Population density|
14,269,989 U.S. Census QuickFacts Page
87.7 people/km²|- style="vertical-align: bottom;"|}

New England is a region of the United States located in the northeastern corner of the country, consisting of the U.S. state of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

Plymouth was the second successful English people settlement in the New World, founded by Pilgrims fleeing religious persecution in Europe in 1620. In the late 18th century, the New England colonies would become the first of the North American British Empire colonies to demonstrate ambitions of American Revolution from the British Crown, although the region, as a whole, would later oppose the War of 1812 between the United States and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

In the 19th century, it played a prominent role in the movement to Abolitionism slavery in the United States, hosted the first pieces of American literature and philosophy, was home to the beginnings of free public education, and was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the North American Industrial Revolution."New England," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Today, New England maintains a role of historical, cultural, and political importance in the United States. It is known for a unique mixture of old Protestant individualism and European liberalism.

History http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian-speaking Native Americans in the United States, including the Abenaki, the Penobscot, and the Wampanoag. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire and Vermont, as well as parts of Québec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock, in present-day Maine. The Penobscot were settled along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.

Compared to other North American settlements, New England was sparsely populated and densely forested, leading European settlers to believe North America was a "virgin land."

The Virginia Companies compete On April 10 1606, King James I of England of Britain chartered the two Virginia Company, of London and Plymouth, respectively. These were privately-funded proprietary ventures, and the purpose of each was to claim land for England, trade, and return a profit."In addition to claiming land for England and bringing the faith of the Church of England to the native peoples, each of the Virginia Companies was also enjoined both by the crown and its members to make a tidy profit by whatever means it found expedient." http://www.nps.gov/colo/Jthanout/TobaccoHistory.html Competition between the two companies grew to where their potential New World territory overlapped, and would be finalized based upon results.

The Virginia Company of London successfully established the Jamestown Settlement in May, 1607. After a tenuous start, several strains of tobacco were developed as a profitable export by colonist John Rolfe.

Contemporaneously, the Popham Colony was planted by the Virginia Company of Plymouth. Unlike the Jamestown Settlement, it was not initially successful, and was abandoned after one year, though would later be revived. The Virginia Company of Plymouth's charter included land extending as far as present-day northern Maine.http://www.learner.org/channel/workshops/primarysources/virginia/transcript01.html Captain John Smith, exploring the shores of the region in 1614, named the region "New England"New England. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 20, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9055457 in his account of two voyages there, published as A Description of New England.

Plymouth Council for New England The name "New England" was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620, when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint stock company established to colonize and govern the region."...joint stock company organized in 1620 by a charter from the British crown with authority to colonize and govern the area now known as New England." New England, Council for. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 13, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9055458 Shortly afterwards, in December 1620, a permanent settlement was established at present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts by the Pilgrims, English religious separatists arriving via Holland. The Massachusetts Bay Colony, which would come to dominate the area, was established in 1628 with its major city of Boston established in 1630.

Banished from Massachusetts, Roger Williams led a group south, and founded Providence, Rhode Island in 1636. On March 3 of the same year, the Connecticut Colony was granted a charter, and established its own government. At this time, Vermont was yet unsettled, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were governed by Massachusetts.

New England Confederation In these early years, relationships between colonists and Native Americans alternated between peace and armed skirmishes. Six years after the bloodiest of these, the Pequot War, in 1643 the colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, New Haven Colony, and Connecticut Colony joined together in a loose compact called the New England Confederation (officially "The United Colonies of New England"). The confederation was designed largely to coordinate mutual defense against possible wars with Native Americans in the United States, the Netherlands in the New Netherland colony to the west, the New Spain in the south, and the France in New France to the north, as well as to assist in the return of runaway slaves. The confederation lost its influence when Massachusetts refused to commit itself to a war against the Netherlands.

The first coins struck in the Colonies, prompted by a shortage of change, were the New England coins produced by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The first series was a simple design including "NE" on the obverse and the various denominations on the reverse. Other series included the "Willow," "Oak," and "Pine Tree." The "Pine Tree" coinage was the last type in the series, struck by coiner John Hull. Although the majority were dated 1652, it is generally acknowledged that production spanned about thirty years, despite the disapproval of Charles II of England.Charles French and Scott Mitchell. American Guide To U.S. Coins: The Most Up-to-Date Coin Prices Available. Available at: http://www.coin-collecting.info/American/early.html (Accessed 14 August 2006).

Dominion of New England In 1686, James II of England, concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies, including their self-governing charters, open flouting of the Navigation Acts, and increasing military power, established the Dominion of New England, an administrative union comprising all of the New England colonies. Two years later, the provinces of Province of New York (New Amsterdam) and Province of New Jersey, seized from the Dutch, were added. The union, imposed from the outside and contrary to the rooted democratic tradition of the region, was highly unpopular among the colonists.

After the Glorious Revolution in 1689, the charters of most of the colonies were significantly modified, with the appointment of Royal Governors to nearly every colony. An uneasy tension existed between the Royal Governors, their officers, and the elected governing bodies of the colonies. The governors wanted unlimited authority, and the different layers of locally-elected officials would often resist them. In most cases, the local town governments continued operating as self-governing bodies, just as they had before the appointment of the Royal Governors. This tension culminated itself in the American Revolution, boiling over with the breakout of the American War of Independence in 1776.

Region of the United States The colonies were now formally united as newly-formed states in a larger (but not yet federalist) union called the United States of America.In the 18th century and the early 19th century, New England was still considered to be a very distinct region of the colony and country, as it is today. During the War of 1812, there was a limited amount of talk of secession from the Union, as New England merchants, just getting back on their feet, opposed the war with their greatest trading partner - Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.James Schouler, History of the United States vol 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 1891; copyright expired).

Aside from the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, or "New Scotland," New England is the only North American region to inherit the name of a kingdom in the British Isles. New England has largely preserved its regional character, especially in its historic places. Its name is a reminder of the past, as many of the original English-Americans have migrated further west. Today, the region is more ethnically Diversity (politics), having seen waves of immigration from Ireland, Québec, Italy, Portugal, Asia, Latin America, Africa, other parts of the United States, and elsewhere. The enduring European influence can be seen in the region, from Massachusetts' use of traffic roundabout to the bilingual French and English towns of northern Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire, as innocuous as the sprinkled use of American and British English spelling differences, and as obvious as the region's heavy prevalence of English town and county names, and its unique, often non-Rhotic and non-rhotic accents dialect reminiscent of southeastern England.

Geography and climate map depicts a small piece of Maine's fjordlike coast.

New England's long rolling hills, mountains, and jagged coastline are a consequence of retreating ice sheets thousands of years ago. The coast of the region, extending from southwestern Connecticut to northeastern Maine, is dotted with lakes, hills, swamps, and sandy beaches. Further inland are the Appalachian Mountains, extending through Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Among them, in the White Mountains (New Hampshire) of New Hampshire is Mount Washington (New Hampshire), which at 1,917 m (6,288 ft), is the highest peak in the northeast United States. It is also the site of the highest recorded wind speed on Earth. Vermont's Green Mountains, which become the The Berkshires in western Massachusetts, are smaller than the White Mountains. Valleys in the region include the Connecticut River Valley and the Merrimack Valley.

The longest river is the Connecticut River, which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for 655 km (407 mi), emptying into the Long Island Sound. Lake Champlain, wedged between Vermont and New York, is the largest lake in the region, followed by Moosehead Lake (Maine), Lake Winnipesaukee (New Hampshire), Quabbin Reservoir (Massachusetts), and Candlewood Lake (Connecticut).

Weather patterns are highly variable and climate varies throughout the region. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont have a humid continental short summer climate, with cooler summers and long, cold winters. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, have a humid continental long summer climate, with hot summers and cold winters. Owing to thick deciduous forests, fall in New England brings bright and colorful foliage, which comes earlier than in other regions, attracting tourism. Springs are generally wet and cloudy. Average rainfall generally ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 mm (40 to 60 in) a year, although the northern parts of Vermont and Maine see slightly less, from 500 to 1,000 mm (20 to 40 in). Snowfall can often exceed 2,500 mm (100 in) annually. As a result, the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire are popular destinations in the winter, with numerous commercial ski resorts."New England," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.New England Climate Initiative. Available at: http://www.neci.sr.unh.edu/neccwaq.html#4 (Accessed 26 July 2006).

Population is considered to be the cultural and historical capital of New England, though today New York City exerts strong influence on the region's southwest corner.

As of 2000, the total population of New England was 13,922,517, roughly twice its 1910 population of 6,552,681. If New England were one state, its population would rank 5th in the nation, behind Florida. The total area, at 70,054.3756 sq mi (181,440 km²), would rank 20th, behind North Dakota.

Southern New England Three quarters of New England's population and most of its major cities are concentrated in its three southernmost states, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Their combined population density is over 600/sq mi. The most populous state is Massachusetts, and the most populous city is Massachusetts' political and cultural capital, Boston, Massachusetts. Western Massachusetts and Northwestern Connecticut are less densely populated than the rest of Southern New England. claims the largest contiguous area of National Register of Historic Places-listed buildings in the U.S.

Coastal New England The coastline is more urban than western New England, which is typically rural, even in urban states like Massachusetts. This characteristic of the region's population is due mainly to historical factors; the original colonists settled mostly on the coastline of Massachusetts Bay. The only New England state without access to the Atlantic Ocean, Vermont, is also the least populated. After nearly 400 years, the region still maintains, for the most part, its historical population layout.

New England's coast is dotted with urban centers, such as Portland, Maine, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Boston, Massachusetts, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Fall River, Massachusetts, Newport, Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, New Haven, Connecticut, Bridgeport, Connecticut, and Stamford, Connecticut as well as smaller cities, like Newburyport, Massachusetts, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Biddeford, Maine, Bath, Maine, Rockland, Maine, and New London, Connecticut.

Urban New England Southern New England forms an integral part of the BosWash megalopolis, a conglomeration of urban centers that spans from Boston to Washington, D.C.. The region includes three of the four List of U.S. states by population density; only New Jersey has a higher population density than the states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut., MassachusettsThe Greater Boston, which includes parts of southern New Hampshire, has a total population of approximately 4.4 million. U.S. Census Bureau - Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 The largest cities by population in New England for 2000 data (2006 estimates in parenthesis)() are:

Boston, Massachusetts: 589,141All population information for Massachusetts cities is as of 2000 and comes from the web site of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, available here. Last accessed: 11 August 2006. (590,763)

Providence, Rhode Island: 173,618 (175,255)

Worcester, Massachusetts: 172,648 (175,454)

Springfield, Massachusetts: 152,082 (151,176)

Bridgeport, Connecticut: 139,529 (137,912)

Hartford, Connecticut: 124,558 (124,512)

New Haven: 123,626 (124,001)

Stamford, Connecticut: 117,083 (119,261)

Waterbury, Connecticut: 107,271 (107,251)

Manchester, New Hampshire: 107,006 (109,497)

Lowell, Massachusetts: 105,167 (103,229)

Cambridge, Massachusetts: 101,355 (101,365)

During the 20th century, urban expansion in regions surrounding New York City has become an important economic influence on neighboring Connecticut, parts of which belong to the New York Metropolitan Area. The US Census Bureau groups Fairfield County, Connecticut, New Haven County, Connecticut and Litchfield County, Connecticut counties in western Connecticut together with New York City, and other parts of New York and New Jersey as a combined statistical area.{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro_general/List6.txt|title=Combined Statistical Areas and Component Core Based Statistical Areas, December 2005|author=Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2006-06-15-->

Economy Several factors contribute to the uniquenesses of the New England economy. The region is geographically isolated from the rest of the United States, and is relatively small. It has a climate and a supply of natural resources such as granite, lobster, and codfish, that are different from many other parts of the country. Its population is concentrated on the coast and in its southern states, and its residents have a strong regional identity. America's textile industry began along the Blackstone River with the Slater Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island,http://www.nps.gov/blac/historyculture/index.htm and was duplicated at similar sources of water power such as Woonsocket, Rhode Island, Lawrence, Massachusetts, but most of it has long since departed due to high operating costs in the region. Exports consist mostly of industrial products, including specialized machines and weaponry, built by the region's educated workforce. About half of the region's exports consist of industrial and commercial machinery, such as computers and electronic and electrical equipment. This, when combined with instruments, chemicals, and transportation equipment, makes up about three-quarters of the region's exports. Granite is quarried at Barre (town), Vermont, guns made at Springfield, Massachusetts, boats at Groton, Connecticut and Bath, Maine, and hand tools at Turners Falls, Massachusetts. Insurance is a driving force in and around Hartford, Connecticut., the "Insurance Capital of the World".New England also exports food products, ranging from fish to lobster, cranberries, Maine potatoes, and maple syrup. The service industry is also highly important, including tourism, education, financial and insurance services, plus architectural, building, and construction services. The U.S. Department of Commerce has called the New England economy a microcosm for the entire United States economy."Background on the New England Economy." U.S. Department of Commerce. Available at: http://www.buyusa.gov/newengland/background.html (Accessed 19 July 2006)

As of May 2006, the unemployment rate in New England was 4.5%, below the national average. Vermont, with the lowest of the six states, had a rate of 3%. The highest was Rhode Island, with 5.5%. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with the lowest rate, 2.5%, was Burlington, Vermont, in Vermont; the MSA with the highest rate, 7.9%, was Lawrence, Massachusetts, in Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire.http://www.bls.gov/xg_shells/ro1xg02.htm#lf

New England is home to two of the ten poorest cities (by percentage living below the poverty line) in the United States: the state capital cities of Providence, Rhode Island and Hartford, Connecticut. These cities have largely struggled because of white flight and deindustrialization.

With its rocky soil and climate, New England is not a strong agricultural region. Some New England states, however, are ranked highly among U.S. states for particular areas of production. Maine is ranked ninth for aquaculture,U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, and has abundant potato fields in its northeast part. Available at: Vermont fifteenth for dairy products,U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at: and Connecticut and Massachusetts seventh and eleventh for tobacco, respectively.U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. Available at: Cranberries are grown in the Cape Cod - Plymouth area, and blueberries in Maine.As of 2005, the inflation-adjusted combined Gross state products of the six states of New England was $623.1 billion, with Massachusetts contributing the most, and Vermont the least.Bureau of Economic Analysis. Available at: http://www.bea.gov/bea/newsrel/gspnewsrelease.htm (Accessed 19 July 2005).

Politics The early European settlers of New England were England Protestantism fleeing religious persecution. This, however, did not prevent them from establishing colonies where religion was legislated to an extreme, and where those who deviated from the established doctrine were persecuted greatly. The early history of much of New England is marked by religious intolerance and harsh laws. In the beginning, there was no separation of church and state in these places, and the activities of the individual were severely restricted.History of the United States of America, by Henry William Elson, The MacMillan Company, New York, 1904. Chapter VI p. 127-130. Available at: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/colonial/book/chap6_3.html (Accessed 19 July 2006). This contrasts sharply with the strong separation of church and state upon which Rhode Island was founded. Providence had no North Burial Ground and no Common until the year 1700 (64 years after its founding) because religious and government institutions were so rigorously kept distinct.Woodward, Wm McKenzie. Guide to Providence Architecture. 1st ed. 2003: United States. p135.

Town meetings A derivative of meetings held by church elders, town meetings were and are an integral part of governance of many New England towns. At such meetings, any citizen of the town may discuss issues with other members of the community and vote on them. This is the strongest example of direct democracy in the United States today, and the form of dialogue has been adopted under certain circumstances elsewhere, most strongly in the states closest to the region, such as New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Such a strong democratic tradition was even apparent in the early 19th century, when Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in Democracy in America that in

New England, where education and liberty are the daughters of morality and religion, where society has acquired age and stability enough to enable it to form principles and hold fixed habits, the common people are accustomed to respect intellectual and moral superiority and to submit to it without complaint, although they set at naught all those privileges which wealth and birth have introduced among mankind. In New England, consequently, the democracy makes a more judicious choice than it does elsewhere.

James Madison, a critic of town meetings, however, wrote in Federalist Papers that, regardless of the assembly, "passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason. Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every Athenian assembly would still have been a mob."Madison, James. Federalist No. 55. Quotation attributed at http://www.ilsr.org/newrules/gov/townmtg.html (Accessed 19 July 2006). Today, the use and effectiveness of town meetings, as well as the possible application of the format to other regions and countries, is still discussed by scholars.See Harvard lecturer Robert I. Rotberg review REAL DEMOCRACY: THE NEW ENGLAND TOWN MEETING AND HOW IT WORKS at http://democraciaparticipativa.net/mambo/content/view/79/36/ (Accessed 19 July 2006).

New England and political thought , a brewer and Patriot (American Revolution) during the revolutionary period

During the colonial period and the early years of the American republic, New England leaders like John Hancock, John Adams, and Samuel Adams joined those in Philadelphia and Virginia to assist and lead the newly-forming country. Daniel Webster was influential in expressing the political views of many New-Englanders in the early 19th century. At the time of the American Civil War, New England, the mid-Atlantic, and the Midwest, which had long since abolished slavery, united against the Confederate States of America, ending the practice in the United States. Henry David Thoreau, iconic New England writer and philosopher, made the case for civil disobedience and individualism, and has been adopted by the anarchist tradition. Benjamin Tucker, of Massachusetts, was a proponent of individualist anarchism. A modern example of this individualist spirit is the Free State Project in New Hampshire, and The Second Vermont Republic in Vermont.

While modern New England is known for its liberal tendencies, Puritan New England was highly intolerant of any deviation from strict social norms. During the 1960s civil rights era, Boston brewed with racial tension over school busing to end de facto segregation of its public schools."School Integration in Boston: Introduction." Available at: http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/school-integration/boston/index.html (Accessed 19 July 2006)

Eight presidents of the United States have been born in New England, however only five are usually affiliated with the area. They are, in chronological order: John Adams (Massachusetts), John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts), Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire), Chester A. Arthur (born in Vermont, affiliated with New York), Calvin Coolidge (born in Vermont, affiliated with Massachusetts), John F. Kennedy (Massachusetts), George H. W. Bush (born in Massachusetts, affiliated with Texas) and George W. Bush (born in Connecticut, affiliated with Texas).

Contemporary politics Elections of 2006 The dominant party in New England is the Democratic Party (United States). In the United States general elections, 2006, which determined the composition of the 110th Congress, Democrats made a number of gains in the region. The twelve U.S. Senate from New England includes six Democrats, two elected independents that caucus with the Democrats, and four Republicans. Of the twenty-two congressmen elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, there is only one Republican, Christopher Shays of Connecticut. "Election 2006" (map) 'New York Times; retrieved November 15, 2007 In every New England state, both legislative houses have a majority of Democratic representatives. Democrats hold half of New England's governor's positions: Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. While the governors of Connecticut, Vermont and Rhode Island are Republicans, the legislatures have veto-overriding Democratic super-majorities in both states (as well as Massachusetts). The Republican state parties in Rhode Island, Connecticut and Massachusetts are weak.Christopher Keating. "State Democrats Have Veto-Proof Majorities" Hartford Courant, November 9, 2006; retrieved November 15, 2007. StateVote 2006 State Legislatures Magazine National Conference of State Legislatures; retrieved November 15, 2006. "Connecticut: The Slow Death of the State G.O.P." New York Times," November 12, 2006; retrieved November 15, 2007.

In 2006, Massachusetts elected Deval Patrick; the first Democratic governor elected since Michael Dukakis's 1986 election to a third term. Patrick is the second black elected governor in the United States. Democrats have the majority of the New Hampshire General Court and Executive Council of New Hampshire for the first time since the 1875. New Hampshire, prior to the 2006 election, had the only Republican-controlled legislature in New England. In Rhode Island, the Republican Senator Lincoln Chafee was narrowly defeated. Four Republican members of the House of Representatives in New England were defeated; Charlie Bass and Jeb Bradley in New Hampshire and Nancy Johnson and Rob Simmons in Connecticut. Simmons lost his seat to Democrat Joe Courtney (politician) by a mere 83 votes.Jennifer Medina, "Democrat Wins House Seat After Recount in Connecticut," New York Times, November 16, 2006.

Presidential elections, 2000, 2004 In the U.S. presidential election, 2000, Democratic candidate Al Gore carried all of the New England states except for New Hampshire, and in U.S. presidential election, 2004, John Kerry, a New Englander himself, won all six New England states. "2006 Political Party Breakdown by State."; accessed 19 July 2006. In both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, every congressional district with the exception of New Hampshire's 1st congressional district were won by Gore and Kerry respectively.

Notable laws New England abolished the death penalty for crimes like robbery and burglary in the 19th century, before much of the rest of the United States did. New Hampshire and Connecticut are the only New England states that allow capital punishment,"Death Penalty Information Center." Available at: http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/state/ (Accessed 19 July 2006). although New Hampshire currently has no death row inmates and has not held an execution since 1939. Connecticut held an execution in 2005, the first in New England since 1960, when Connecticut last executed a prisoner."New Hampshire has not executed anyone since 1939 and has no one on death row. Seven inmates are waiting to die in Connecticut, which conducted New England's last execution in 1960." FOXNews.com. "Supreme Court Lifts Order Blocking Connecticut Execution." Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,145681,00.html (Accessed 19 July 2006).

Vermont was the first state to allow civil unions between same sex couples, and Massachusetts was the first state to allow same-sex marriage. In 2005, Connecticut also began to allow civil unions. In 2008, some form of same-sex unions will be in all New England states except Rhode Island, though the state does recognize Massachusetts marriages for its residents.

In 2006, Massachusetts adopted a Massachusetts 2006 Health Reform Statute that requires nearly all state residents obtain health insurance.Fahrenthold, David A. "Mass. Bill Requires Health Coverage, " The Washington Post April 5, 2006; Page A01. Retrieved December 6, 2006. See also Massachusetts 2006 Health Reform Statute.

Education Colleges and universities universities. Pictured here is Dartmouth Hall on the campus of Dartmouth College.

New England contains some of the oldest and most renowned institutions of higher learning in the United States. The first such institution, subsequently named Harvard, was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, to train preachers, in 1636. Yale University was founded in New Haven, Connecticut in 1701, and awarded the nation's first graduate (Ph.D.) degree in 1861. Brown University, the first college in the nation to accept students of all religious affiliations and third-oldest institution of higher learning, was founded in Providence, Rhode Island in 1764. Dartmouth College was founded five years later in Hanover, New Hampshire with the mission educating the local Native Americans in the United States population as well as English youth.

In addition to four out of eight Ivy League schools, New England also contains the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), four of the original seven sisters are in New England, the bulk of institutions identified as the Little Ivies, and is the home to the Five Colleges consortium in western Massachusetts.

See also: the lists of colleges for each state:
List of colleges and universities in Connecticut, List of colleges and universities in Maine, List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts, List of colleges and universities in New Hampshire, List of colleges and universities in Rhode Island, and List of colleges and universities in Vermont.

Private and independent secondary schools At the pre-college level, New England is home to a number of prominent American independent schools (also known as private schools), such as Buckingham Browne & Nichols, Brooks School, Deerfield Academy, The Governor's Academy, Phillips Academy, Noble and Greenough School, Milton Academy, Groton Academy, and MacDuffie School in Massachusetts; St. Paul's School, Kimball Union Academy, Holderness School, and Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire; Choate Rosemary Hall, Hotchkiss School, Cheshire Academy, Suffield Academy, Hopkins Grammar School, Avon Old Farms, Woodstock Academy, Pomfret School, Brunswick School, Greenwich Academy, Miss Porter's, Ethel Walker School, Westminster School, Connecticut and Loomis Chaffee in Connecticut; and the schools of the Independent School League (Boston Area). The concept of the elite "New England prep school" and the "preppy" lifestyle is an iconic part of the region's image.

Public education New England states fund their public schools well, with expenditures per student, and teacher salaries above the national median. As of 2005, the National Education Association ranked Connecticut with the highest-paid teachers in the country. Massachusetts and Rhode Island ranked eighth and ninth, respectively. Every state but New Hampshire is in the top ten for educational spending per student.http://www.nea.org/edstats/index.html Boston Latin School is the oldest public high school in America. Several signers of the Declaration of Independence attended Boston Latin."She graduated from the elite Boston Latin School, the oldest high school in America, in 1999." Taken from the New York Post, available at: http://www.nypost.com/news/regionalnews/64304.htm (Accessed 19 July 2006).

Academic journals and press New England is home to several prominent academic journals and publishing companies, including The New England Journal of Medicine, Harvard University Press, and Yale University Press. Also, many of its institutions lead the open access alternative to conventional academic publication, including MIT, the University of Connecticut, and the University of Maine. The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston publishes the New England Economic Review.http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/neer/neer.htm

Culture New England has a history of shared heritage and culture primarily shaped by waves of immigration from Europe. A cultural divide, however, also exists between urban New Englanders living along the densely-populated coastline and rural New Englanders in western Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, where population density is low.http://www.brown.edu/Research/Earthlab/lulchistory/nepopulationgrowth.htm

Connecticut has two cultural and demographic trends: the southwestern part of the state is largely suburban, alongside the cities Bridgeport, New Haven, Waterbury, Stamford, and Danbury, and as part of the New York metropolitan area, is influenced by New York City. The remainder of the state, is culturally similar to neighboring Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Residents of this area are often referred to as "Swamp Yankees." Ruth Schell, "Swamp Yankee," American Speech, 1963, Volume 38, No.2 (The American Dialect Society, Published by Duke University Press), pg. 121-123. accessed through JSTOR An example of Connecticuts's cultural [dichotomy can be found in residents' allegiance to sports teams. Western Connecticut residents tend to support New York teams, unlike the rest of the state who tend to be loyal to Boston teams.http://www.baseballlibrary.com/baseballlibrary/submit/Mullen_Dan1.stm Television broadcasts in Hartford and New Haven typically give equal coverage to sports teams from both Boston and New York.

Cultural roots The first European colonists of New England were focused on Sea affairs such as whaling and fishing, rather than more continental inclinations such as economic surplus farming. One of the older American regions, New England has developed a distinct New England cuisine, Eastern New England English, Connected farm, and government. New England cuisine is known for its emphasis on seafood and dairy; clam chowder, lobster, and other products of the sea are among some of the region's most popular foods, such as New Haven's famous white clam pizza.

Accents The often-parody Boston accent (see Mayor Quimby of The Simpsons) is native to the region. Many of its most stereotypical features (such as rhotic and non-rhotic accents and the so-called broad A) originated from the accents of the Puritans who came mainly from England. While at one point many members of the so-called "the establishment" spoke with an accent similar to today's Boston accent (e.g., Franklin Roosevelt, Katharine Hepburn and Boston Brahmin), today the accent is predominantly associated with blue-collar natives as exemplified by movies like Good Will Hunting. The Boston accent and accents closely related to it cover eastern Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine, though there is of course significant dialect variation within this area.

Also found in New England is the distinctively conservative dialect of Rhode Island (parodied by Peter Griffin and Lois Griffin of Family Guy). The accent family of western New England (most of Connecticut, western Massachusetts, and Vermont) differs sharply from the Boston accent to its east and the New York-New Jersey English to its southwest, but is thought to be closely related to the so-called Northern cities vowel shift accent of the Great Lakes region due west of it, to which western New England contributed many early settlers.

Social activities and music Bar (establishment)s and pubs, especially those with Irish themes, are popular social venues. Closer to Boston, musicians from Ireland often tour pubs, playing traditional Irish folk music, usually with a singer, a fiddler, and a guitarist. This area also has thriving hardcore punk, punk rock, and indie rock music scenes. Surf rock was pioneered by Dick Dale of Quincy, Massachusetts, and the Pixies (band), of Boston, influenced the grunge (music) of the 1990s. Dropkick Murphys, from Quincy, Massachusetts, mix hardcore and punk music with Irish music in a style known as Celtic Punk. Also, both Boston and New Haven have had a big influence on ska musicians from the Northeast.

In much of rural New England, particularly Maine, Acadian and Quebecois culture also dominate the region's music and dance. Contra dancing and country square dancing are popular throughout New England, usually backed by live Irish, Acadian, or other folk music.

Traditional knitting, quilting and Traditional Rug Hooking circles in rural New England have become less common; church, sports, and town meeting are more typical social activities.

In the United States, Candlepin bowling is essentially confined to New England, an activity invented there in the 19th century.

Media New England has several regional broadcasting companies, including New England Cable News (NECN) and the New England Sports Network (NESN) as well as the national cable sports broadcaster Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (ESPN) in Bristol, Connecticut. The former is the largest regional news network in the United States, broadcasting to more than 3.2 million homes in all of the New England states. Its studios are located in Newton, Massachusetts, outside of Boston, although it maintains bureaus in Manchester, New Hampshire; Hartford, Connecticut; Worcester, Massachusetts; Portland, Maine; and Burlington, Vermont.New England Cable News. Available at: http://www.boston.com/news/necn/About/ (Accessed 19 July 2006).

The New England Sports Network covers New England sports teams throughout the region, save for Fairfield County, Connecticut.New England Sports Network. Available at: http://www.boston.com/sports/nesn/aboutus/FAQ/ (Accessed 19 July 2006).

While most New England cities have daily newspapers, the Boston Globe and New York Times are distributed widely throughout the region.

Literature

New England has been the birthplace of many American authors and poets. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born near Boston, Massachusetts. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts, where he famously lived, for some time, by Walden Pond, on Emerson's land. Nathaniel Hawthorne, romantic era writer, was born in historical Salem, Massachusetts; later, he would live in Concord at the same time as Emerson and Thoreau. Emily Dickinson lived most of her life in Amherst, Massachusetts. Henry W. Longfellow was from Portland, Maine. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston. Robert Lowell, Confessionalism (poetry) poet and teacher of Sylvia Plath, was also a New England native. Plath hailed from Boston. Anne Sexton, also taught by Lowell, was born and died in Massachusetts. Current U.S. Poet Laureate Donald Hall, a New Hampshire resident, continues the line of renowned New England poets. Noah Webster, the Father of American Scholarship and Education, was born in West Hartford, Connecticut.

Ethan Frome, written in 1911 by Edith Wharton, is set in turn-of-the-century New England, in the fictitious town of Starkfield, Massachusetts. Like much literature of the region, it plays off themes of isolation and hopelessness. New England is also the setting for most of the gothic novel horror stories of H.P. Lovecraft, who lived his life in Providence, Rhode Island. Real New England towns such as {| class="infobox" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="width: 300px; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 95%;"|-|+ style="font-size: larger;" | New England|-|-|-| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #fff;" | |-! colspan=2 | Political history|-| Chartering as Plymouth Council for New England]| 1643|-| Formation as Dominion of New England]
- Connecticut
- Maine

- Massachusetts
- New Hampshire
- Rhode Island
- Vermont|
- January 9, 1788 (5th)
- separated from Mass. March 15, 1820 (23rd)
- February 6, 1788 (6th)
- June 21, 1788 (9th)
- May 29, 1790 (13th)
- March 4, 1791 (14th)]|-|U.S. States], New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
- Total|
71,991.8 mi² (186,458.8 km²)|- style="vertical-align: bottom;"| [Population
- Total (2006)
- Population density|
14,269,989 U.S. Census QuickFacts Page
87.7 people/km²|- style="vertical-align: bottom;"|}

New England is a region of the United States located in the northeastern corner of the country, consisting of the U.S. state of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

Plymouth was the second successful English people settlement in the New World, founded by Pilgrims fleeing religious persecution in Europe in 1620. In the late 18th century, the New England colonies would become the first of the North American British Empire colonies to demonstrate ambitions of American Revolution from the British Crown, although the region, as a whole, would later oppose the War of 1812 between the United States and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

In the 19th century, it played a prominent role in the movement to Abolitionism slavery in the United States, hosted the first pieces of American literature and philosophy, was home to the beginnings of free public education, and was the first region of the United States to be transformed by the North American Industrial Revolution."New England," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

Today, New England maintains a role of historical, cultural, and political importance in the United States. It is known for a unique mixture of old Protestant individualism and European liberalism.

History http://www.midcoast.com/~martucci/flags/NEFlag.html New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian-speaking Native Americans in the United States, including the Abenaki, the Penobscot, and the Wampanoag. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire and Vermont, as well as parts of Québec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock, in present-day Maine. The Penobscot were settled along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.

Compared to other North American settlements, New England was sparsely populated and densely forested, leading European settlers to believe North America was a "virgin land."

The Virginia Companies compete On April 10 1606, King James I of England of Britain chartered the two Virginia Company, of London and Plymouth, respectively. These were privately-funded proprietary ventures, and the purpose of each was to claim land for England, trade, and return a profit."In addition to claiming land for England and bringing the faith of the Church of England to the native peoples, each of the Virginia Companies was also enjoined both by the crown and its members to make a tidy profit by whatever means it found expedient." http://www.nps.gov/colo/Jthanout/TobaccoHistory.html Competition between the two companies grew to where their potential New World territory overlapped, and would be finalized based upon results.

The Virginia Company of London successfully established the Jamestown Settlement in May, 1607. After a tenuous start, several strains of tobacco were developed as a profitable export by colonist John Rolfe.

Contemporaneously, the Popham Colony was planted by the Virginia Company of Plymouth. Unlike the Jamestown Settlement, it was not initially successful, and was abandoned after one year, though would later be revived. The Virginia Company of Plymouth's charter included land extending as far as present-day northern Maine.http://www.learner.org/channel/workshops/primarysources/virginia/transcript01.html Captain John Smith, exploring the shores of the region in 1614, named the region "New England"New England. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 20, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9055457 in his account of two voyages there, published as A Description of New England.

Plymouth Council for New England The name "New England" was officially sanctioned on November 3, 1620, when the charter of the Virginia Company of Plymouth was replaced by a royal charter for the Plymouth Council for New England, a joint stock company established to colonize and govern the region."...joint stock company organized in 1620 by a charter from the British crown with authority to colonize and govern the area now known as New England." New England, Council for. (2006). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 13, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9055458 Shortly afterwards, in December 1620, a permanent settlement was established at present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts by the Pilgrims, English religious separatists arriving via Holland. The Massachusetts Bay Colony, which would come to dominate the area, was established in 1628 with its major city of Boston established in 1630.

Banished from Massachusetts, Roger Williams led a group south, and founded Providence, Rhode Island in 1636. On March 3 of the same year, the Connecticut Colony was granted a charter, and established its own government. At this time, Vermont was yet unsettled, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were governed by Massachusetts.

New England Confederation In these early years, relationships between colonists and Native Americans alternated between peace and armed skirmishes. Six years after the bloodiest of these, the Pequot War, in 1643 the colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, New Haven Colony, and Connecticut Colony joined together in a loose compact called the New England Confederation (officially "The United Colonies of New England"). The confederation was designed largely to coordinate mutual defense against possible wars with Native Americans in the United States, the Netherlands in the New Netherland colony to the west, the New Spain in the south, and the France in New France to the north, as well as to assist in the return of runaway slaves. The confederation lost its influence when Massachusetts refused to commit itself to a war against the Netherlands.

The first coins struck in the Colonies, prompted by a shortage of change, were the New England coins produced by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The first series was a simple design including "NE" on the obverse and the various denominations on the reverse. Other series included the "Willow," "Oak," and "Pine Tree." The "Pine Tree" coinage was the last type in the series, struck by coiner John Hull. Although the majority were dated 1652, it is generally acknowledged that production spanned about thirty years, despite the disapproval of Charles II of England.Charles French and Scott Mitchell. American Guide To U.S. Coins: The Most Up-to-Date Coin Prices Available. Available at: http://www.coin-collecting.info/American/early.html (Accessed 14 August 2006).

Dominion of New England In 1686, James II of England, concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies, including their self-governing charters, open flouting of the Navigation Acts, and increasing military power, established the Dominion of New England, an administrative union comprising all of the New England colonies. Two years later, the provinces of Province of New York (New Amsterdam) and Province of New Jersey, seized from the Dutch, were added. The union, imposed from the outside and contrary to the rooted democratic tradition of the region, was highly unpopular among the colonists.

After the Glorious Revolution in 1689, the charters of most of the colonies were significantly modified, with the appointment of Royal Governors to nearly every colony. An uneasy tension existed between the Royal Governors, their officers, and the elected governing bodies of the colonies. The governors wanted unlimited authority, and the different layers of locally-elected officials would often resist them. In most cases, the local town governments continued operating as self-governing bodies, just as they had before the appointment of the Royal Governors. This tension culminated itself in the American Revolution, boiling over with the breakout of the American War of Independence in 1776.

Region of the United States The colonies were now formally united as newly-formed states in a larger (but not yet federalist) union called the United States of America.In the 18th century and the early 19th century, New England was still considered to be a very distinct region of the colony and country, as it is today. During the War of 1812, there was a limited amount of talk of secession from the Union, as New England merchants, just getting back on their feet, opposed the war with their greatest trading partner - Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.James Schouler, History of the United States vol 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 1891; copyright expired).

Aside from the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, or "New Scotland," New England is the only North American region to inherit the name of a kingdom in the British Isles. New England has largely preserved its regional character, especially in its historic places. Its name is a reminder of the past, as many of the original English-Americans have migrated further west. Today, the region is more ethnically Diversity (politics), having seen waves of immigration from Ireland, Québec, Italy, Portugal, Asia, Latin America, Africa, other parts of the United States, and elsewhere. The enduring European influence can be seen in the region, from Massachusetts' use of traffic roundabout to the bilingual French and English towns of northern Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire, as innocuous as the sprinkled use of American and British English spelling differences, and as obvious as the region's heavy prevalence of English town and county names, and its unique, often non-Rhotic and non-rhotic accents dialect reminiscent of southeastern England.

Geography and climate map depicts a small piece of Maine's fjordlike coast.

New England's long rolling hills, mountains, and jagged coastline are a consequence of retreating ice sheets thousands of years ago. The coast of the region, extending from southwestern Connecticut to northeastern Maine, is dotted with lakes, hills, swamps, and sandy beaches. Further inland are the Appalachian Mountains, extending through Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Among them, in the White Mountains (New Hampshire) of New Hampshire is Mount Washington (New Hampshire), which at 1,917 m (6,288 ft), is the highest peak in the northeast United States. It is also the site of the highest recorded wind speed on Earth. Vermont's Green Mountains, which become the The Berkshires in western Massachusetts, are smaller than the White Mountains. Valleys in the region include the Connecticut River Valley and the Merrimack Valley.

The longest river is the Connecticut River, which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for 655 km (407 mi), emptying into the Long Island Sound. Lake Champlain, wedged between Vermont and New York, is the largest lake in the region, followed by Moosehead Lake (Maine), Lake Winnipesaukee (New Hampshire), Quabbin Reservoir (Massachusetts), and Candlewood Lake (Connecticut).

Weather patterns are highly variable and climate varies throughout the region. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont have a humid continental short summer climate, with cooler summers and long, cold winters. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, have a humid continental long summer climate, with hot summers and cold winters. Owing to thick deciduous forests, fall in New England brings bright and colorful foliage, which comes earlier than in other regions, attracting tourism. Springs are generally wet and cloudy. Average rainfall generally ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 mm (40 to 60 in) a year, although the northern parts of Vermont and Maine see slightly less, from 500 to 1,000 mm (20 to 40 in). Snowfall can often exceed 2,500 mm (100 in) annually. As a result, the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire are popular destinations in the winter, with numerous commercial ski resorts."New England," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006 http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2006 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.New England Climate Initiative. Available at: http://www.neci.sr.unh.edu/neccwaq.html#4 (Accessed 26 July 2006).

Population is considered to be the cultural and historical capital of New England, though today New York City exerts strong influence on the region's southwest corner.

As of 2000, the total population of New England was 13,922,517, roughly twice its 1910 population of 6,552,681. If New England were one state, its population would rank 5th in the nation, behind Florida. The total area, at 70,054.3756 sq mi (181,440 km²), would rank 20th, behind North Dakota.

Southern New England Three quarters of New England's population and most of its major cities are concentrated in its three southernmost states, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. Their combined population density is over 600/sq mi. The most populous state is Massachusetts, and the most populous city is Massachusetts' political and cultural capital, Boston, Massachusetts. Western Massachusetts and Northwestern Connecticut are less densely populated than the rest of Southern New England. claims the largest contiguous area of National Register of Historic Places-listed buildings in the U.S.

Coastal New England The coastline is more urban than western New England, which is typically rural, even in urban states like Massachusetts. This characteristic of the region's population is due mainly to historical factors; the original colonists settled mostly on the coastline of Massachusetts Bay. The only New England state without access to the Atlantic Ocean, Vermont, is also the least populated. After nearly 400 years, the region still maintains, for the most part, its historical population layout.

New England's coast is dotted with urban centers, such as Portland, Maine, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Boston, Massachusetts, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Fall River, Massachusetts, Newport, Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, New Haven, Connecticut, Bridgeport, Connecticut, and Stamford, Connecticut as well as smaller cities, like Newburyport, Massachusetts, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Biddeford, Maine, Bath, Maine, Rockland, Maine, and New London, Connecticut.

Urban New England Southern New England forms an integral part of the BosWash megalopolis, a conglomeration of urban centers that spans from Boston to Washington, D.C.. The region includes three of the four List of U.S. states by population density; only New Jersey has a higher population density than the states of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Connecticut., MassachusettsThe Greater Boston, which includes parts of southern New Hampshire, has a total population of approximately 4.4 million. U.S. Census Bureau - Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical area population and estimated components of change: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006 The largest cities by population in New England for 2000 data (2006 estimates in parenthesis)() are:

Providence, Rhode Island: 173,618 (175,255)

Worcester, Massachusetts: 172,648 (175,454)

Springfield, Massachusetts: 152,082 (151,176)

Bridgeport, Connecticut: 139,529 (137,912)

Hartford, Connecticut: 124,558 (124,512)

New Haven: 123,626 (124,001)

Stamford, Connecticut: 117,083 (119,261)

Waterbury, Connecticut: 107,271 (107,251)

Manchester, New Hampshire: 107,006 (109,497)

Lowell, Massachusetts: 105,167 (103,229)

Cambridge, Massachusetts: 101,355 (101,365)

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